The Role of God in Descartes Epistemology - 1356 Words

The presence of God, and more so the role god plays in our lives, has forever troubled philosophers. Some completely neglect the existence of god, others toy with the idea, and some use religion as the basis of their epistemology. Throughout this essay, I aim to critically examine the role of God in Descartes’ epistemology. Renà © Descartes’ epistemological contribution to western philosophy attempted to inaugurate a coherent method of questioning whereby knowledge of the world is attained independently of the authority of the Church or Bible. Strangely enough this separation had no intention on removing god from our lives or minds. Descartes’ project was to prove the existence of God, and to establish that only God can guarantee true knowledge (Skirry, 2011). Through critical observation of Descartes’ most prominent writings: Meditations on First Philosophy, focusing on his ideals concerning existence of God and the role God plays in the acquisition of c ertain knowledge, we are able to see that although Descartes’ belief in independent attainment of knowledge is extremely commendable, the occurrence of numerous philosophical discrepancies and presumptive speculation debilitated its legitimacy. Establishing the existence of god is critical within Descartes’ epistemology. Abiding by his own method of systematic doubt and absolute rejection of the products of sense experience, Descartes’ establishes God’s existence without referring to the perceptual evidence the worldShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 Pagesprocesses which are fundamentally related to the expectations, values and interests of all organisation members. Related to this, as a major theme of the workshop, is a consideration of the importance of understanding organisational politics and its role in maintaining organisations. Understanding Change Change and change processes are fundamental to many aspects of organisations, and, indeed, life itself. We will consider the appearance of change; social psychological approaches to change; macroRead MoreLanguage and the Destiny of Man12402 Words   |  50 Pagesmodern and somewhat unrestrained man (an image once promoted by Ferdinand Brunetià ¨re, and later by Georges 108 Åžtefan Afloroaei / Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism† Friedmann). To support this view, certain less speculative episodes in Descarte’s life are evoked, such as: a duel he fought over a beautiful lady, in 1625, at the age of 29; the longstanding suspicion (originated by Voetius) that he had fathered several illegitimate children; a secret affair with Hà ©là ¨ne Jans, a woman of means

The Benefits Of Premarital Sex And Divorce - 968 Words

Waite and Gallagher also discuss the benefits that marriage gives to couples. Including the financial benefits, in that through specialization and by sharing incomes getting married boosts standard of living by thirty percent and this benefit is not incurred by cohabitating, as those who cohabitate do not share as much and are less committed to the wellbeing of their partner. In addition to the financial benefits, they also discuss the emotional benefits of knowing you have someone who loves you and who would take care of you. Children similarly benefit from having married parents as there are more financial resources available to help take care of them and they get to spend more time with at least one parent. Furthermore, it has been found that in addition to contributing to marital instability, premarital sex increases the likelihood that a couple will divorce. Joan Kahn and Kathryn London found that virgin brides are ten percent less likely to have divorced or separated than women who had not been virgins at marriage. They also discuss that this correlation between premarital sex and divorce can be explained in many different ways. The first is that it may be a direct effect due either to the â€Å"impact of premarital intimacy on subsequent marital quality or to the impact of having had other premarital sexual experiences on the level of satisfaction with one s spouse.† A second explanation is that there is an indirect effect and the correlation may be due to theShow MoreRelatedA Trending Lifestyle : Cohabitation1522 Words   |  7 Pagescontributing to the growth of cohabitation. Paul Glick and Graham Spanier (1980, 1981) detailed several reasons for the increase (as cited by Rouse, 2002, pp. 73-74): ï  ¶ Social trends: ââ€"  Greater tolerance of varied living arrangements and of premarital sex. ââ€"  Changing sex roles, so women feel more independent and comfortable with cohabiting relationships. ââ€"  Postponement of marriage. ââ€"  Financial considerations: increased cost of living (â€Å"two can live as cheaply as one†). ââ€"  Larger cohort (of baby boomers)Read MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society3005 Words   |  13 Pagesas overdramatized weddings and divorces. Respect has been lost as there are more and more reports of infidelity and less privacy of family and home life. Marriage was something that was once significant and held in high regards has fallen victim to the social construction of a newly defined meaning. One aspect that has changed marriage is the cohabitation between two individuals. Cohabitation encourages premarital sex. Society accepts cohabitation and premarital sex dependent upon an individual’sRead MoreThe Movie Corageous712 Words   |  3 Pagesabout how my actions and words affect others. I don’t want to feel or experience the situation that Dylan experiences. This movie also deals with the problems of premarital sex and the emptiness created in peoples lives by engaging in this activity. In this movie, David, the rookie officer has a four year old little girl, due to premarital sex and he does not interact with her or her mom. He mentions that he struggles with his guilty feelings about his actions based on what he has encountered and byRead MoreMarriage Is The Legal Or Officialising Process913 Words   |  4 PagesMarriage is an institution that ages back to ancient societies. It offered a secure environment and legal benefits to facilitate the granting of property rights. Marriage is the legal or officialising process by which two people under go to be recognized publicly and by law .It is the joining  of two people in a bond that relatively lasts until death,  but in practice is increasingly cut short by divorce .Marriage allows a couple to have a stable relationship that is recognized by the state and by whateverRead MoreMarriage Is A Social Institution1078 Words   |  5 Pagesby the trend of the social, the culture consequence, the bond between marriage and parenthood. He also expresses the marriage trend ran down significantly in the United States. This phenomenon as a sociological imagination shows the marriage and divorce now are not only concern a private matter, it starts to translate to a public issue so this essay starts with how marriage concern a social problem. 2nd paragraph: The background of the author the summary of this articles --the background ofRead MoreMarraige Counceling5817 Words   |  24 PagesMODULE: MGG201W SEMESTER CODE: Year Module ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: 02 STUDENT NUMBER: 4396-359-5 ASSIGNMENT DATE: 2011-07-25 Contents 1 PART 1 3 1.1 PREMARITAL COUNSELLING 3 1.1.1 Definition of premarital counselling 3 1.1.2 Purpose of Premarital Counselling 3 1.1.3 Purpose of the Helper 4 1.1.4 Relavent Core Relational Conditions 4 1.1.5 Degree Of Structure Needed 5 1.1.6 In What Format Does Counselling Take Place 5 Read MoreThe Sexual Revolution of the 1960s1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sexual Revolution of the 1960s Sex and the 1960s The 1960s was a decade of many changes, revolutions, and experiments including the sexual revolution brought on by the sixties generation. Free love was a popular term coined in the later sixties that meant everyone should love each other, sexually and non sexually. This was the first time in history that sex was not something only men could enjoy but women too. What came from this revolution was birth control, knowledge of the femaleRead MoreGender Roles in Russia and Cuba Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagestend to meet partners at school, work, and clubs. Premarital sex is accepted; therefore premarital unplanned pregnancies are not uncommon. Marriage often occurs after the unplanned pregnancy. In the 1930’s the average age at getting married was 23. Legal marriage is highly preferred but cohabitation is tolerated. Sometimes marriage is put off until age 30 to 40 because of financial troubles. Almost one half of marriages end in divorce. Most divorces are brought on because of alcohol and economic hardshipsRead MoreDating, Marriage, And Divorce1365 Words   |  6 PagesDating, Marriage, Divorce Dating, marriage, and divorce are three very important topics that each have commands from God to us. This paper will cover the Godly view on the three, and how the worldly views contradict and harm the marriage bed. First of all, Christian dating compared to â€Å"normal† dating is very different and is viewed as strange to many people. God commands that dating is to be pure and free of sexual immorality. Nowadays, it is just about the opposite of that. Many people decideRead MoreCohabitation Between Cohabitation And Cohabitation Essay1366 Words   |  6 Pagesare 69% in favor of cohabitation. Elderly people are only 36 % in favor of cohabitation. Only 41 % of practicing Christians either strongly agree or somewhat agree that cohabitation is a good idea due to Christianity’s teaching, which rules out premarital sex. 88 % of people who described themselves as non-religious supported cohabitation. Interestingly, at 84 %, the most common reason individuals cohabitated was to test couple compatibility, with 9 % citing convenience, and 5 % citing cheap rent

Circle of Life free essay sample

This crazy thing they call life. My wild ride started on Friday June 4, 1999. I was born at 12:11pm in Winfield, Kansas. I weighed 6 pounds and 12 ounces and measured 19 inches long.Shortly after being born I was about 15 months old, my mom and dad started having some problems. One night during bluegrass, Bluegrass is a week long event in Winfield for different types of music. she got off work early came home, to find that me and my dad were nowhere to be found. She called him many times and he didn’t answer. She called my grandparents asked if they had seen or heard anything, they all searched for hours. My mom started checking his friends and found his truck at his buddy’s camper. She went inside and found me laying on the couch with no clothes on and nothing to prevent from falling and hurting myself. She walked into the back bedroom and found him passed out with someone else. We will write a custom essay sample on Circle of Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My mom then grabbed me and all of my stuff. She moved all of our stuff out of the trailer and back into my grandparents. For two years my mom tried to get him to spend time with me. She finally gave up and moved on.She met Rick. After a while of being together they had my little brother Austin and shortly got married after.They quickly ended and went their separate ways. They fought over custody of my brother for the longest time. Rick took the sneaky way and enrolled Austin in school in Newkirk so he couldn’t live with my mom. 2 years later she meet up with an older classmate, they began talking and she would go visit him in Virginia. They had a very short engagement. My mom, brother and I ended up moving to Virginia. They had a small wedding just us kids and them. They soon had my other little brother Cody.In 2012 the day after Christmas I tore my ACL walking throughthe living room. March of 2013 I got it repaired. A few short months later my mom told me that we were moving back to Kansas because she couldnt handle being away from my grandparents anymore. She wasnt happy. July of 2013 we packed the minivan full of our stuff and moved back to Kansas. We live right next door to my grandparents in their old house. I soon started my first year of highschool, I was beyond nervous. Brand new school, didn’t know anyone, only a few people I had meet during the summers that I came to visit. I meant so many great people and made some new friends. My sophomore year I got this horrible back pain, I dealt with it for 3 months before the doctors even did anything to figure out what was wrong with me. I had a 7mm kidney stone stuck in my utter.They went in and scooped it out. Now I sit with 8 kidney stones, 4 in each kidney.My junior year the doctors found a cyst/bubble looking thing behind my uterus. They drained it the day before halloween I spent my halloween in bed sick from the medicine. March of my junior, I had more knee surgery to take the screw out from my ACL repair because it has caused an infection and lots of irritation. Now I am a senior in highschool with only 1 health problem of low blood pressure which causes me to get light headed and dizzy. I am on the path to graduate in May of 2017. After I graduate I plan on going to Cowley community college to start physical therapy training and then continuing my learning at another school not sure which one yet. After school for physical therapy I plan on opening my own office. I choose to become a physical therapist because after hurting my knee I was alway at one and I’m very interested in the muscles and the way they work. I plan on saving up to take care of my mom after everything she has done for me. I’ll have a nice big house away from everyone so I can enjoy the environment and peace an quiet. After having myphysical therapy office open for a while I want to get a teacup yorkie and name her Gordy I’ve always wanted one and there just the cutest things. She will go everywhere with me, I believe that she will be good for my patients and will help bring a smile to their faces. Hopefully in the future I’ll meet someone that I can settle down with and start a life with. Maybe I’ve already met them, but who really knows.My wedding would be perfect to me. It will be In a field where the guest sit on hay bales covered with quilts and the color of the wedding will be Coral and Turquoise. My mom and hopefully my grandpa will still be here to walk me down the aisle. My teacup yorkie will be the ring barrier. The groom and groomsmen will wear nice new jeans and clean boots.The groom will have a turquoise button up shirt with a jacket to wear over it if it is chilly out, the groomsmen will have coral button shirts on and jackets. The bridesmaids will have nice flowy coral sundress/summer type dresses and boots to match. My dress will be a sweetheart neckline and simple type dress with a turquoise belt and i’ll wear boots under it. The reception will be in a barn will latern lights and the tables will be of to the sides but still enough to room to sit comfortably. There will be a pizza buffet and cotton candy and much more to choose from. The music will cover all different types. After the wedding I’ll buy a truck with all the money we saved since i’m crafty. The truck will be a pearl white chevy silverado with the lifts, bow tie, running boards and the tailgate handle being pink. The inside will be leather with heated and air conditioned seats. After being married for a few years and saving up and enjoying life together. We’ll decide to have kids. I would want a boy first that way he would protect his baby sister.Like my little brothers do for me. I want my boys to play sports and enjoy the outdoors, my girls will get the choice to play sports to be in dance or plays.I want to die happy with my family and be at peace. Here to hoping my wild ride is a memorable one, hopefully goes the way I want it too.

Popular Culture and Art Essays - Visual Arts, Contemporary Art

Popular Culture and Art Amber B. Williamson ARTS/125 March 7, 2016 Jamie Welch Popular Culture and Art During the twentieth century, America began to see a unique form of pop art. Pop art is a form of art that uses imagery, styles, and themes of advertising, mass media, and popular culture. Two of the most well-known artist of this movement is Robert Rauschenberg and Andy Warhol. Both artist were intrigued by using popular events or people and creating collages. Rauschenberg's, "Retroactive", is most famous for the oil and silkscreen ink on a canvas. It includes pictures from magazines of events that was happening at that time. He believed that a picture should not look like something that it isn't. He wanted it to look like something that it is and a picture is more like the real world when it's made out of the real world. Warhol's famous collage is "Marilyn Diptych". In 1962, after the death of Marilyn Monroe, Warhol made this piece that contains fifty images of Marilyn. Warhol loved the use famous celebrities in his pieces. Marilyn Diptych was named the third most influential piece of modern art in a survey by The Guardian. During this era, both Rauschenberg and Warhol used current events and famous people that was well known throughout American. Rauschenberg focused more on the events that was happening during the time. Warhol pieces contained more celebrities and commercial icons. Both artist may had different approaches of pop art but they are both the best of this time. If I was to create a piece about my daily experiences out of found object and imagery I would have to use my children's playroom. I have two little girls and no matter how much I clean, the playroom is always a mess. There always seems to be toys on the floor and juice cups on the tables. This picture of the playroom may not seem like art to others but it shows the true essences of the room. References Doss, E. (2002). Oxford History of Art : Twentieth-Century American Art. Cary, NC, USA: Oxford Paperbacks. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com.

Sociology Research Paper Essays (823 words) - Sociology, Conformity

Sociology Research Paper Sociology is the scientific study of human social activity. In the effort to study human social activity sociologists brake it down into objects of analysis. The three objects of analysis are population, social structure, and the individual. Each can be differentiated but each is also integrally related to the other two. As an object of analysis sociologists defines population as an aggregate of people in a geographical area that has size and longevity. The size has a lower limit of two and no upper maximum. Longevity varies and has a lower limit of zero with no known upper limit. Populations are by definition made up of individuals. The study of human population is termed demography. Demography studies the size and composition of a population, as well as migration and location of the population. Demographers track birth rates and death rates and monitor the population growth and try to explain them in terms of the social system's development. A good example is the Malthusian theory in which population increases geometrically and the resources increase arithmetically resulting in a lack of resources resulting in famine and war. Fortunately the theory is flawed in that it does not consider social factors such as artificial contraception and the burden of large families in a post industr ial society. The way a population interacts with the environment creates a social system. The social system draws on the population and affects the population. An example of this is in India where the ratio of men to women is 108 (108 males to every 100 female) while the sex ratio of most other nations is below 100. The cause for this disparity is that parents value sons more than daughters and sometimes abort a female fetus, or after birth give the daughter less care which can result in premature death. A social system is defined as two or more roles tied together by relationships of interdependence. A role is a patterned repetitive set of behaviors. An example of a role is an occupation. There are various categories of social systems like formal organizations that have goals in mind and attempt to achieve them (ex: nations) or like informal organizations that are less goal oriented as in a community or a family. Human communities provide social systems that serve the function of providing the daily requirements of life to a population. Social systems have four basic types of roles; production of goods and services, distribution of the goods and services, recruitment and training of new members, and control functions. Population affects the roles of the social system. An example of this would be if the birth rate increased then there would be a greater need to train these new people and the recruitment and training role would be affected. The training of an individual to become one of the group is termed socialization and is carried out by church, family, and school, among other sources. Individuals then are Homo Sapiens that vary in sex, age, and lifecycle. Humans have the ability to lay out avenues to achieve a goal and then through thought processes make a choice on which avenue to follow. Humans are differentiated from animals in that all animals can sign (reacting to something) but only humans can symbol (the ability to place meaning into something). To be human you must be able to symbol and to symbol you must have at least two people, which leads to a social system. The result is that in order to be human you must be in a social system. Helen Keller was an example of someone who was not a human until she was able to symbol. Social systems affect individuals by the process of socialization. Socialization instills the norms of the system into the individual. The norms are all the proscribed and prescribed forms of behavior in the social system. Norms vary in importance from the folkway of wearing a tie to a formal dinner party to the mores of adults not engaging in sexual acts with children. Socialization internalizes these norms in the individual shaping the resulting personality of the individual. Lack of exposure to a social system result in someone who is not human

Youve Got a Job Interview and Youre Sick Now What

Youve Got a Job Interview and Youre Sick Now What Going to a job interview if you are sick with anything from a head cold to the bubonic plague is not the best move. Although you really want to go even if you are sick, it puts you at a disadvantage in that you won’t be at your best. In addition, horror of horrors, you might pass whatever you have to the recruiter. That won’t leave the best impression. There are things you can do, and a few tips might help. Reschedule the InterviewLogically, the best thing to do is to explain the situation, and reschedule the interview as soon as you know you can’t make it. Explain that you have a real interest in this job; however, you don’t think it would be in anyone’s interest to spread your germs. Ask for the interview to be rescheduled when you know you will be well. While you could contact the recruiter by email, a phone call is more personable and would give you the opportunity to ask for a new appointment without waiting for a response. According to one rec ruiter, it is appreciated when an individual with an appointment expresses concern because of illness and doesn’t want to spread his or her germs. Make the most use of your time by reviewing these 10 toughest interview questions and be extra prepared.Remember to Send a Thank YouGood manners always matter, and it can be a good idea to send an email or note thanking the recruiter and confirming the new appointment. In this way, you will be starting off on a positive note when your new appointment rolls around.When You Aren’t ContagiousSometimes, you may come down with a rash or have a runny nose that is really more of an inconvenience than an illness, and you know you can still do the interview. Should you reschedule? It can be a good idea to reschedule if you are sneezing, have a rash in a visible location or are wiping your nose frequently. While you know you aren’t contagious, it is a distraction and can prevent the recruiter from concentrating on your response s to questions.Go When You Are at Your BestSuppose you are getting over a cold or taking medication for an illness that makes your brain foggy. This is not the best time to go for a job interview since you want to be in prime condition to make a positive impression, and you may give less than complete answers to questions or appear less than alert. This is also one of those times you may want to beg off due to illness, and ask for a new appointment. You have one chance for a first interview and want to shine.Use the Extra Time to PrepareIf you aren’t feeling completely miserable, you can use the extra time until your new interview date to prepare. Practice in front of the mirror until you have your answers the way you want, and keep your responses short and to the point. We have put together a guide on the 10 toughest interview questions. Feel free to go through it and learn some of the best answers. In addition, keep your body language in mind. You want to appear relaxed and in control.What to Do if the Recruiter is BookedOccasionally, a recruiter cannot reschedule an interview because of time limits for hiring, because the schedule is full or for other reasons. In this case, ask if the recruiter could conduct the interview via Skype or another option. While it is not ideal, it is better than missing the interview entirely. Remember when being interviewed remotely that you still want to prepare in advance, and dress as you would for an in-person interview.Being at your best for an interview is important, and using a better way to conduct a job search can get you into interviews faster and offer more job opportunities than searching yourself. TheJobNetwork lets you fill out your qualifications and the jobs that interest you. Our job search site will do the work for you, letting you know when a position becomes available. Sign up for job match alert and get started looking for the perfect job.

Walmart case study ( growth strategy) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Walmart ( growth strategy) - Case Study Example It has started doing this by seeking investors in those nations as well as utilizing e-commerce to compete with other businesses as well. The strategy may take a while but it is on the right path according to the leaders in charge of the international markets (Banjo, 2014). Lastly, there is the ecosystem growth strategy that is aimed at linking the Walmart supercenters with their smaller stores and even offers delivery after ordering through the mobiles (DePillis, 2013). This will compete with the dollar stores and ensure to retain their customers in the lower chain while not compromising their high-ended customers. This is also still in the initial stage of development but it sounds like a growth strategy that will bring them back into the limelight and help bring up their sales once again. Banjo, Shelly. â€Å"Wal-Marts Strategy to Jump Start Growth in China.† The Wall Street Journal, August 5th, 2014. Retrieved from: http://online.wsj.com/articles/wal-marts- strategy-to-jump-start-growth-in-china-1407252531 DePillis, Lydia. â€Å"Here’s Walmart’s new strategy for being your everything.† The Washington Post, October, 17th, 2013. Retrieved from:

Customer Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Customer Management - Essay Example For instance, CRM vendors are integrating functions of business intelligence via internal product enhancement; in fact, this process is involving seeking support from third parties. In this case assessment of CRM capability is considered as a way of bolting on analytics to operational CRM in order to create work for enterprises. In situations, where CRM customers are involved capability assessment becomes indispensable due to identification if crucial word that would drive vendor features set. There are situations where integration trend in the CRM systems that may render business-intelligence vendors unnecessary; thus, there is need for CRM capability assessment. Moreover, this serves as a way of identifying new opportunities for enterprises to identify substantial ROI from the costly implementation of CRM systems (Woodcock, 2005, 270). Therefore, this assessment enables the organization to identify things that are missing and determining whether capability is still turning data int o insights that surpass technology enhancements. CRM capability assessment is also undertaken due to increasing variety of companies, who are concentrating on one or more aspects of analytical CRM. These aspects include clarity in identification of customer preferences, perceptions and opinions. Information gathered during this assessment is fed into critical processes within the entire CRM for increased improvements (Woodcock, 2005, 270). CMR capabilities assessment has enables realization of the contribution made by technological advancement into CRM systems (Woodcock, 2005, 220). In this case, it is affiliating the process of ensuring that CRM systems are meeting firms' requirements. Therefore, CMR capabilities assessment can be regarded as a way facilitating effectiveness of CRM systems, thereby leading to better performance of the business (Woodcock, 2005, 138). Consequentially, this can lead to maximization of profitability in the short term; in fact, this enables identificati on of growth opportunities and building competitive advantages (Woodcock, 2005, 138). Therefore, CRM capability assessment is regarded as a way of applying strategies that maximize shareholders value by identifying and eliminating short term strategies that destroy assets and failing to capitalize on the companies' core capabilities (Woodcock, 2005, 138). ii. Reducing Risk through CRM Capability Assessment Companies have been subjected to serious attacks from customers due to issues concerning relationship and their way of doing business (Woodcock, 2005, 409). These attacks involves attempts by employees to get involved in activities such as fraud, money laundering, illegal trading and exploitation of loopholes in credit or insurance products. In this case, CRM capability assessment involves use of technology advancement in order to ensure that companies are facing fewer chances for face-to-face for processes such as validation of identities and determining credit worthiness(Woodcoc k, 2005, 409). Besides, perpetrators of illegal activities in businesses are likely to work in teams through the internet and model telephony for communication in ways that are difficult for authorities to indentify. Therefore, capability assessment of CRM is utilized as a way of bridging this security

Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 1987 U.S. Lexis 1056 (1987) Assignment

Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 1987 U.S. Lexis 1056 (1987) - Assignment Example He was informed that one of the equipment, a turntable, had been stolen in an armed robbery, so he seized it and got a search warrant to search the rest of the apartment. It was then discovered that some of the other stereo equipment had also been stolen in an armed robbery, for which the respondent was subsequently indicted. The main issue in this case is whether the initial entry into the respondent’s apartment, and the subsequent recording of the serial numbers on the stereo equipment constituted a violation of Fourth Amendment rights. This issue is a decision on whether the evidence had been seized illegally, and so should be suppressed. The issue is also, whether the exigent circumstances of the initial entry into the apartment allowed for the seizing of evidence related to a non-exigent matter; the stolen stereo equipment. Originally, the state trial court held that the evidence used in the case had been seized; therefore, they granted the respondent’s motion to suppress the said evidence. This decision was also upheld by the Court of Appeals of Arizona, who conceded that the initial entry to the respondent’s living quarters was justified by the exigent circumstances of the case. However, the subsequent obtaining of the serial numbers from the stereo equipment qualified as an additional search not covered by the initial exigent circumstances. The Arizona Supreme Court subsequently affirmed the decision. Going by a statement in Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385 (1978) that a search not supported by a warrant must be strictly supported by the exigent circumstances following the search, the court decided to uphold the suppression of evidence. The Supreme Court reasoned that the police violated the respondent’s Fourth Amendment rights when they embarked on a search not justified by the first facts. The court also reasoned that the police’s actions were not justified by the plain view doctrine, since the officer who recorded the serial

Difference Between Role of Treasurer and Controller

Difference Between Role of Treasurer and Controller Difference between Role of treasurer and controller with respect to Financial Corporate Governance Organization Chart of the Financial Management The chief finance executive works directly under the president or the managing director of the company. Besides routine network, the person in charge keeps the Board of Directors informed about all the phases of business activity, including economics, social and political developments affecting the business behavior. He also furnishes information about the financial status of the company by reviewing it from time to time. The chief finance executive may have many officers under him to carry out his function. Broadly his functions are divided into two types: Treasury function Control functions An illustrative organization chart of finance function of management in a big organization is shown below: Organization of the Financial Management Function Role of Treasurer The main role of Treasurer is that he refers to the financial officer and then looks at the task of financing and its related activities. Treasury always deals with liquid assets and so the main role of treasurer is to look at the cash and its other liquid assets. Some important tasks of Treasurer are as follows: He formulate the whole capital structure of the organization in accordance to goals of the organization and then to implement it to the organization. He also manages the amount of liquid assets and all type of cash. He basically acts as a cashier. He plays the role of an authority signatory on payment cheques including the authority to approve such cheques. Reconciliation in bank accounts. He manages the overall credit function of the firm. He also has the authority to utilize the surplus cash of the company whenever there is any type of short term beneficial investments. He also makes the companies policies according to decision on trade discounts and vendor payment. He also maintains relationships with bankers and vendors. All of the above mentioned functions of treasurer are implemented with the help of cash manger, finance manager and credit manager. Role of controller As we have already seen that the treasurer deals with liquid assets, the controller of the organization has to record the transactions of these liquid assets. It is the combined and effective working of both the departments that give rise to an effective system of internal controls. Controller is a financial officer responsible for accounting and control. He does the following functions: Records all the transactions in the general ledger, the accounts receivables and the accounts payables, sub-ledger, transaction with respect to fixed assets such as depreciation, inventory control, etc. He looks into the aspects of taxes and insurance. He also keeps track of companys short term investments by recording and reconciling the transaction with those of the brokerage firms. He carefully looks into the regulatory aspects and implementation of the companys policy on trade discounts and recievables aging. He always acts as the planning director. He keeps a record of the attendance of the employees, their movement timings so as to facilitate in preparing the payroll. He reports information to the management. The office bearer who assists the controller in accomplishing the above tasks is: tax manager, data processing manager, cost accounting manager and accounting manager. Thus the functions of financial accounting, internal audit, taxation, management accountings and control, budget-planning and control are accomplished in this manner. Controllers and Treasurers functions in the Indian Context The controller and the treasurer are essentially American terms. Basically the American pattern of dividing the financial executives functions is not being widely followed in India. We do have a number of copies having officers with the designation of the controller. The controller or the financial controller in India, by and large performs the function of a chief accountant or management accountant. The officer with the title of treasurer can also be found in a few companies in India. The controllership functions can prove to be useful under the Indian context, but presently some of these duties are performed by the company secretary in India. His duties, for example includes asset control and protection, maintaining records and preparing reports and government reporting. The economic appraisal function is generally performed at the top level in India. Some other functions, such as internal audit, can be brought within the fold of the controllership functions, if this concept is developed in the Indian context. It should be realized that the financial controller does not control finances; he or she develops, uses and interpret information- some of which will be financial for management control and planning. For this reason, the financial controller may simply be called as controller. Management of finance or money is a separate and important activity. Traditionally, the accountants have been involved in managing money in India. But the difference in managing money resources should be appreciated. In the American business, the management of finance is treated as a separate activity and is being performed by the treasurer. The title of treasurer has not found favor in India to the extent the controller has. Some of the functions performed by the treasurer in the American context are again discharged by the company secretary in India. Insurance coverage is an example in this regard. The function of maintaining relations with investors may now assume significance in India because of the development in the Indian capital markets and the increasing awareness among investors. The general title, financial manager, seems to more popular in India. This title is also better than the title of treasurer since it conveys the functions involved. The main function of the financial manager in India should be the managements of companys funds. The financial duties may often be combined with others. But the significance of not combining the financial managers duties with others should be realized. The managing of funds- a very valuable resource- is a business activity requiring extraordinary skill on the part of financial manager. He should ensure the optimum use of money under various constraints. He should, therefore be allowed to devote his full energy and time in managing the money resources only. Functions of Treasurer and the Controller CASE STUDY The role of the corporate treasurers has changed from a traditional one of securing funds and managing financial risk to a strategic one of driving overall business initiatives. In this new role, treasures have the prime responsibility of advocating better corporate governance principles in the company, both as a means to improve the shareholder value and to enhance investor confidence. This has become very important because the corporate governance practices of the companies are being placed under heavy scrutiny from the regulators and investors following revelations of corporate malfeasance, deception and fraud. This article discusses the role of the treasurers in building a sound governance structure in the companies. Description The debacle in Satyam Computers Limited, Indias fourth largest software company, has brought the issue of corporate governance in limelight more particularly in India. It is however unfortunate that such important issues gain prominence only after incidents of corporate frauds. The issue of corporate governance was earlier debated when the developments at Enron and WorldCom rocked the world. As India is on a growth trajectory and is having ambitions of being ranked in the counters of the developed economies, the issue of corporate governance only being surfaced after the Satyam scam is a grave concern. We may claim that the Satyam scam is an isolated case in corporate India, but it is more important to see how the rest of world assesses our seriousness towards the ethics of corporate governance. Do we take the ethics of corporate governance seriously and deeply and drift it away from its ornamental value to run an enterprise towards the principal goal for which the corporate governance term was coined? Largely the practice is to decorate the board, which is at the helm of affairs of corporate governance, with people whom the promoters of the company believe will add some ornamental value to the enterprise. Many a times the promoters induct known people onto the board. Having said that companies prefer the decorative value of the board over its usefulness. Thus one can ea sily conclude that the Satyam fiasco is nothing but a true reflection of what routinely and pervasively passes for corporate governance. The role of treasurer is crucial to todays business especially in ensuring that the company has the cash that it needs to operate the business, adequate risk management systems are in place and finally ensuring that the company complies with the various international standards. The treasurer and cash have a consanguineous relationship and the recent fiasco of Satyam Computers reveals a story of siphoning the cash from the companys balance sheet which puts the role of the treasurer or CFO nothing but on dubious distinction. By the mere definition of a treasurer one understands that wherever there is cash in the company, the treasurer has to be present there. Though the Satyam fraud appears to be a systemic fraud by the senior management, nevertheless such frauds can be mitigated to some extent if corporate governance is compiled by the treasurer. In such a scenario it becomes altogether more important for corporate treasurers to revisit the basics of corporate governance and their rol e in inculcating the principles of corporate governance in a company. This article highlights and revisits the role played by the treasurers or CFO in the compliance of corporate governance. Treasurer in Detail The Treasurers role is the second most important function on the Board after that of the Chair. Financial accountability is fundamental to not-for-profit organisations. If your members have no confidence in your ability to control and account for finances, they will have no confidence in the organisation as a whole. The Treasurer may find a reluctance amongst non-financially trained board members to take any responsibility for finance. As a Board or governing committee however, the group as a whole has to share responsibility and decision-making and it will therefore be an important part of the Treasurers role to ensure that others understand the information that is being presented and the implications thereof. It is particularly important that the Treasurer attends meetings regularly in order that others can ask questions and be sure that they have a full understanding of the associations financial position. Purpose To manage and report on the associations finances. Responsibilities To carry out the responsibilities of a member of the Board of Directors. To lead budget planning and preparations. To monitor the budget and inform the Board as to whether projections are turning out as predicted in order that joint decisions can be made on appropriate adjustments. To ensure the Boards financial policies are being followed. To report to the Board of Directors and the general membership on finances. To prepare any required financial reporting forms. To ensure tax regulations are complied with VAT. To manage and maintain bank accounts, ensuring the association is getting the best rate of return for funds held and moving money between accounts as To oversee all financial transactions. To sign cheques (with a second signatory from the Board or staff). To chair finance sub-committee, if one exists. TREASURER WORKING WITH A BOOKKEEPER. Most treasures do not have bookkeeping expertise, and they need not and ideally should not spend their time on day-to-day financial administration. Wherever possible, a suitably experienced/qualified paid (or volunteer) bookkeeper should be responsible for banking, for processing payments, for keeping full and accurate accounts of all receipts and expenditure and for producing financial reports. This leaves the Treasurers time for the more strategic and managerial aspects of the role, in particular budgeting and planning. The Treasurer does however need to monitor the work of the bookkeeper as ultimate responsibility for the accuracy of records lies with his or her role. If your association needs to submit formal annual statements to tax or other government authorities, these may be prepared by your bookkeeper or by external accountants. Requirements will vary in different countries. In the UK, all limited companies must have their final accounts prepared by a chartered accountant. Becoming a Good Treasurer A treasurer does not have to study accounting or business in order to do well at this position. A good treasurer will be characterized by the following traits: 1.  Honesty and Integrity:  As treasurer you are not given free liberty to do whatever you like. Rather, you are accountable to God, the fellowship and the committee. Therefore, perform your task properly and professionally. 2.  Carefulness:  This characteristic will help you maintain accurate and up-to-date records. Be careful to record all transactions. Be careful when handling money because ultimately this money belongs to God. 3.  Common sense:  Common sense is necessary in order to catch errors early. 4.  Open books:  It is good to maintain an open book policy concerning financial matters. Any member of the fellowship, after consultation with the committee, should be able to see the financial state of the fellowship. This will help build accountability and credibility for the entire fellowship. 5.  Watchful eye:  The treasurer needs to be vigilant in tracking income and expenses. These amounts should be compared with the current budget. 6.  Faithfulness to God:  Ultimately, the treasurer brings honor to God by the proper exercise of his/her task. Therefore, view your position of treasurer as a way to show your faithfulness to God. Heres an excellent maxim: Gods work done in Gods time will receive Gods provision. Controller Vs Treasurer While the term Controller is used differently in Sweden than in America, there is reason for a clear explanation of the differences between Controller and Treasurer. The fact that a Controller in Sweden has a broader role than the Controller in America can be explained largely by the function of the treasurer that has those duties overlapping those of the Swedish Controller. In large firms, the financial operations overseen by the CFO will split into two branches, with one headed by the treasurer and the other by the controller. The Controllers responsibility are primarily accounting in nature. Costs accounting as well as budgets and forecast concerning internal consumptions, lies within the area of the Controller. The treasurers responsibility fall into the decision areas most commonly associated with financial management, invest financing and asset management. The organization chart may give you false impression that a clear splits exists between controller and treasurer responsibilities. In a well-functioning firm, information will flow easily back and forth between both branches. In small firms the treasurer and controller functions may be combined into one position with a resulting commingling of activities. Traditionally the role of controller has been that of a number cruncher, computing financial data in order to prepare reports. The assignment associated with the controller role is in no way set in stone, different organizations have different duties attached to the Controller. The final statement where the controller should be seen as a long range developer of executives, hints at a prominent role when it comes to developing human resources within organizations. In order for the controllers department to become developers of accounting and operating executives they have to have an intimate relation to the personnel of the organization.

Movie and Personality Theory Analysis Essay

The movie â€Å"Joy Luck Club† depicted different characters of women from China who underwent difficulties in their lives. One woman had to bare the scorn of her family for being a concubine, another woman had to leave behind her twins under a tree during World War II because of an illness and later when she died, her daughter met her older twin sisters, these women were made to think that Chinese women should be meek and gentle, therefore, expecting their American born daughters to be the same. The daughters would retaliate about these expectations from their mothers. They have asserted their own identities and stood up for what they wanted for themselves (Wang, 1989). Eric Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development can be aptly applied to the Joy Luck Club’s heroines. They were able to recover themselves and assert their individualities in the end. Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory states that ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through interaction with our environment and that our personality constantly changes as we go through our daily activities. We are exposed to new experiences that contribute to the development of our personalities. Each stage, according to Erikson, is concerned about competency in a particular area in life that if handled well, the individual will have a sense of expertise, which he termed as ego strength (Funder, 2010). I quote from Erikson, â€Å"Ego identity, then, in its subjective aspect, is the awareness of the fact that there is a self-sameness and continuity to the ego’s synthesizing methods and a continuity of one’s meaning for others† (Funder, 2010). If this is managed poorly, the individual will feel inadequate. We experience conflict that becomes a turning point in development which is for his view, these are focused on either developing or failing that quality. During this stage of conflict, there is potential for growth but also for failure. For B. F. Skinner, operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning is to associate behavior with a consequence: reward or punishment. In the movie, these theories of Skinner and Erikson were depicted by the mothers who give punishment or reward for certain behaviors manifested by their daughters. They were formed according to the cultures they were exposed to: Chinese traditions upheld by their mothers and the American culture they grew up in. Here conditioning came by way of cultural constraints. This explains the difficulties that the women underwent because they were also a product of their own culture. In the end, they were able to transcend cultural barriers and have developed their own personalities independent of their mothers. One can say that these girls have bloomed and acquired personalities after stages of conflict that resulted from a culture imbibed by their mothers and a culture they had to embrace. Another good theorist is Carl Rogers who is best known for a non-directive approach in the therapeutic process. He espouses Humanism in psychology, that believes that all people are essentially good and healthy. According to him, â€Å"In my early professional years, I was asking the question: How can I treat, or cure, or change this person? Now I would phrase the question in this way: How can I provide a relationship which this person may use for his own personal growth? † All the women in the movie were all good, the woman who was judged by her family because of being a concubine, is essentially good. The mother who left her twins under a tree is essentially good. Often, we misjudge people for certain behaviors we think are improper or inappropriate. But if we examine the circumstances and we know all of the circumstances, we may be careful in judging other people’s behavior. Personally I have learned in my own life that there is such a things as hope and grace. No matter what happens to you, life has a way of resolving things and healing emotional and psychological pains so that one can eventually move on celebrating life. In many ways, the culture of my family and society formed me through negative and positive reinforcements. At first I was afraid to assert myself and I would always conform to what society wants. Erikson’s psychosocial development made me realize the challenges that I have to overcome through life’s challenges and passages. My own realization is that even if I had failed an earlier stage, life’s lessons always come back so that eventually I would know the truth and move on to a higher level. Carl Rogers’ assumption that man is basically good is refreshing as this has become a steady source of inspiration that no matter what I did or failed to do, I am basically a good person and that I will triumph in the end. I quote from Funder, â€Å"Every man is in certain respects (a) like all other men, (b) like some other men, (c) like no other man. † Funder has indicated that everyone is like everyone else, or similar with some, or similar with nobody. He is saying that all men and women are the same in their basic needs for food and shelter. We are all similar in our interests and other things in common, but we are also not similar any other men/women because of the traits that each of us possess, which is what we call personality. Our minds may be the same with other minds and are also unlike any other mind. The set-up of our brains have similar structures but our brains can also be similar some other brains in terms of some disorders, for example. Individuals who are depressed will have neurotransmitter concentrations that are different from those of non-depressed people. We have different abilities academically or athletically, and these activities are controlled by the brain. But abilities are different from everyone. He has stated that, â€Å"Constructivism is widespread throughout modern intellectual life. This attitude, slightly simplified – is that reality as a concrete entity does not exist. All that does exist is human ideas or constructions of reality. † He has also stated, â€Å"To some degree, the judgments of personality rendered of you by the people who know you not only reflect what you are like, but can lead you to be what you are like. † We have different mental construct of impressions of what we see around us. The concept of beautiful may be different from someone else. Our realities like our view of the world are not a reality. These are interpretations of what we see around us that make sense within our observations of our surroundings and of impressions by people about us. The reality of our personality was also created by the ones who know us which we sometimes affirm. But this is not necessarily the truth of our real personality. Works Cited Funder, D. C. (2010). The Personality Puzzle. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. Wang, W. (Director). (1989). â€Å"Joy Luck Club† [Motion Picture].

Problems Facing Human Services Clients Essay

Human service professionals have a very rewarding career. They are given the opportunity in more ways than one to provide help to those who are in need of it. While this profession can be rewarding, unfortunately, this area of expertise can be emotionally exhausting because of the many problems that the human service clients face and the lack of resources that are available to them. These problems include, but are not limited to, economic inequality, poverty, child welfare as well as social problems. While these problems are evident daily, human service professionals are trained to notice the oppression and social injustice and to develop solutions to the problems so they will not continue to persist in the future (France, 2005). For example, human service professionals are more aware of the common denominator or factor that is present among a family living in poverty, an incarcerated individual and a person living with a disability. The single factor that is common from this example would be a lack of resources due to their social identities. While it is the goal of human service professionals to promote social equality for all, unfortunately, living in today’s society, this is simply not the case. Many of the human service clients face many injustices because they fall into a certain category, and that category can be classified as the impoverished, which is an example of an economic equality (France, 2005). This is a major problem that human service clients face in the United States. They are often looked down upon by certain people because of a wealth disparity; however, many human service professionals know that not treating the clients with respect and judging them will only add to the problem and take away from the  solution. Poverty and child welfare are two problems that are in connection with one another. Many children who are in foster care come from low-income households, and because they are so young, unfortunately, they do not have a voice and depend on case managers or human service professionals to be their voice and stand up for fair treatment and equality for them (Woodside, 2011). It is imperative that human service professionals stand up for children of all ages because oftentimes they are overlooked. Poverty is another major factor that is a problem that many human service clients face. Not having the financial means to take care of necessities in the life is a crippling barrier. While money is not the answer to all problems in life, however, it is needed in order to live a comfortable lifestyle and to take care of daily needs (Woodside, 2011). Social problems are also yet another problem that has caused some human service clients to feel separated or stand out from society. Such social problems include drug and alcohol abuse, discrimination, teenage pregnancy and crime. Specific Helping Skills It is very important that human service providers utilize specific helping skills with their clients. By incorporating certain helping skills, the clients will be at ease thereby allowing the human service professionals to gain the client’s trust as well as their cooperation (Neukrug, 2001). Clients need to feel that the human service providers are genuinely concerned about their well-being and welfare. In order for the clients to be transparent to the human service providers, it is pertinent that each client is treated with respect and compassion is displayed at all times. The specific helping skills that should be used with the clients include good communication skills as well as interpersonal skills. Having great communication between the client and the human service manager is critical because it allows the human service specialist to be effective in providing help to the clients (Neukrug, 2001). Having effective communication skills also allows the case manager to reach out to the clients and, as a result, the case manager can get a clear understanding of the problem pertaining to the client and the proper solution. Interpersonal skills are also important when interacting with clients because it allows the human service professional to connect with the clients in a way that will allow the client to feel comfortable and willing to cooperate with the human service  professional. Solutions to the Problems Once the human service professional accesses the situation concerning the client and identify the problem or problems, then a solution can be created. Since each individual client is unique and different in certain ways, therefore, it can be determined that the solution will be different as well (Rotham, 1997). Depending on the individual person and the circumstance, the case manager will develop a solution that entails resources which will help that person in the best way possible. Each client and the circumstance is viewed on a case-by-case basis, meaning that each person is analyzed separately and depending on the client’s family and social history, as well as problems, will help the case manager to determine a solution that best meets that client’s needs. It can be determined that social problems will always be present and will not completely disappear. However, the goal of the human service providers is to help implement ways in which the problems will be reduced. Usually, this implementation will incorporate the government because of numerous programs which are funded by the government or the tax payer’s dollars. Such programs consist of the Fatherhood Program which assists noncustodial fathers with employment opportunities, WIC, also called the Women’s Infant Children program that gives low-income families access to healthy foods thus promoting healthy eating and lifestyles, and the Snap program, also called food stamps that enable low-income families to purchase groceries (Rotham, 1997). There are also other programs or organizations such as shelters or transitional homes in which the human service professional will connect people who are in need of these services. Human service professionals play a very important role in society because they help to bring about a positive change with the clients with whom they come in contact. Many people, before becoming clients, felt helpless and did not know who they can turn to because of the lack of trust. This is why it is crucial for human service professionals to display respect and courtesy at all times because it allows the case managers to gain the clients’ trust that is needed in order to really help them. In a sense, human service professionals are everyday heroes because they help to bring about a positive change one client at a  time. Sources France, Kenneth (2005). Helping Skills for Human Service Workers. New York, NY: Thomas Neukrug, Ed (2001). Skills and Techniques for Human Service Professionals. Retrieved from www.books.google.com Rotham, Jack (1997). Case Management. New York, NY: Pearson Woodside, Marianne. (2011). An Introduction to Human Services.Retreived from www.books.google.com

MTV Effects essays

MTV Effects essays Music TV channels, broadcasting variety of programs ranging from ordinary music videos through charts, various shows to cartoons are the symptom of our times. No matter if it's MTV or VIVA, they sell very similar stuff, often cheap and shallow. The pop culture and consumption grasped the most powerful device that is television. It is used as a tool for spreading out information, ideas and appeals. Oftentimes they are silly and ridiculous, nevertheless they have enormous influence on people who watch it. Image has become the most widespread form of expressing ideas and for communication. It has been seeded in many people's minds. Colorful and quickly changing pictures surely affect human personality; it influences the way we behave, dress and exist. Young people tend do be and look like their VJ's from the TV screen. They wear in certain way, they cut their hair, pierce or tatoo their bodies, just because of their TV idols doing that. TV hosts become the role models to follow, they are gurus and authorities on almost every field of human life from fashion to ethics and morality. They sell some patterns of behavior that other people can consider weird or outrageous. Their ideas can be good and honorable as well as freak and dumb. TV creates an ideal of a 'perfect' woman and man with all the paraphernalia and pressure connected with it. Many young women (as they appear to be more susceptible to that tension) put themselves on diet, wear strange clothes etc. just to fit in the 'official' picture. People buy 'proper' brands of outfit, cosmetics and even food, they become the slaves of fashion, fashion that often is nothing but garbage glittering and shining on the surface but empty and dull inside. Tracks from the top of the charts, however stupid or unmusical-like they are, can be safe to be sold in millions of copies all over the world. Here comes another phenomena, music that used to be of ...

Process Analysis and Problem Solving

Process Analysis and Problem Solving Introduction The level of competition in different industries in which organizations operate today is high and calls for increased competitiveness. In order to improve the competitiveness, firms could engage in different firm activities that may include process improvement.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Process Analysis and Problem Solving specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This may call for analysis of the problem and seeking different ways of solving the issues. In order to improve business processes, an organization needs to have the necessary knowledge and expertise. The business process could be attained through establishment of change such as business process reengineering. In spite of the good intentions of the changes, there is always resistance to change that could lead to project failure as examined in this paper. In addition, this paper examines reengineering as an example of process improvement i n organizations. History of Process Improvement Change is a constant element in organizations given the dynamic business environment that firms operate in. Organizations operate in many business environments that are characterised by free entry and exit, increasing competition and technological advancement. In order for organizations to maintain their competitiveness, they need to embrace change and improve their manufacturing processes, service delivery and operations. Process improvement has occurred in firms over many years. Over many years, quality improvement in firms was done using regular inspection and changed over time to total quality management and the modern six sigma approach. Process improvement concept was first used by Harrington James in 1991 when he published in his book on process improvement. The method involves redesigning and reengineering business process in order to improve quality of an organization’s output while gaining a competitive edge at the sam e time.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since its introduction, process improvement has been able to be applied in many firms. The application of information technology in the process is a vital ingredient that will revolutionalize the future of process improvement in firms. Process Improvement in Firms The improvement of business processes in an organization has not been smooth for most firms. As the management of an organization introduces change in the company, there is always resistance to change with most employees opting to remain with the current processes of the firm. Reengineering According to Hammer Champy (2000, p. 2), process improvement in organization requires reengineering, which is defined as the ability of an organization to disregards all its assumptions and traditional way of doing business and instead developing and adopting a new proc ess centred business organization. The adopted new process should help an organization improve its performance. In order to achieve the required process reengineering for an organization, an organization needs to adopt a fresh perspective and approach. In order to acquire change through process reengineering, it is necessary that an organization rethink and establish radical redesigning of its processes in order to generate the required dramatic improvements. The process could be well illustrated in the figure below. As indicated in the above diagram, Hammer Champy (2000, p. 3) notes that reengineering requires starting over for an organization. In order for an organization to succeed in the modern environment, there is need for its processes to be fast, of high quality, flexible and of low cost.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Process Analysis and Problem Solving specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The init ial phases of organizational change began long time ago with Adam Smith who proposed labour specialization, followed by establishment of infrastructure, the assembly line and hierarchical structure of the firm. In spite of the importance of these principles, their application in the modern business environment could result in delays, rigidity and high overhead costs in the production process. The first step of reengineering begins with the focus on the fundamentals of the company. The fundamentals of an organization relate to the main activities of the firm, why they are done the way they are and the tacit rules and assumptions of present activities. According to Hammer Champy (2000, p. 4), reengineering concentrates on what ought to be or should be done and ignores what is done. The radical redesign phase is concerned with the reinvention of the organization. This does not involve making of superficial changes or marginal enhancements to the firm but changes and designs that enhan ce new features of the organization. The potential dramatic result is the phase that the firm realizes the outcome of reengineering. According to Piderit (2000), reengineering leads to quantum leaps in the performance of an organization rather than incremental improvements. Business process orientation involves evolving of the firm around its business processes. The processes undertake inputs in order to generate valuable outputs to the customer. In order for a business process to work, it must produce added value rather than internal activity.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Various organizations could undertake the reengineering process. According to Revilak et al. (2007, p. 56), companies that operate in a competitive industry could undertake reengineering to increase their competitive advantage. Other sets of companies are those whose management could realize approaching issues along their paths of operation. The third sets of organizations are those that have ambitious management teams that perceive reengineering as a means of achieving market dominance and leadership. Process improvement of an organization through reengineering is characterised by various features. To begin with, the processes that an organization uses to perform its operations are simplified with the description of jobs being expanded to become multidimensional. Introduction of change in an organization increases employee autonomy and empowerment with power distance in the organization being reduced. Employees work as teams with group work and cooperation being enhanced. As the ma nagement of the organization adopts a flatter arrangement from a hierarchical structure, professionals within the firm become the key personnel to steer change. Employees are motivated to work for the firm and the measurement for performance of employees moves from activities to outcome of each employee. The managers no longer act as supervisors but coaches that help employees attain their maximum potential. Lastly, the organization and employees do not focus on pleasing the management but the end user of products and services, the customer (Hammer Champy 2000, p. 8). Change in organizations can be in different forms. Incremental or first order changes are minor changes that alter small aspects of the firm while leaving the general business environment the same. Transformational or strategic changes in organizations aim at changing the entire business framework of a firm. Change Management Process In order to apply the required change, an organization needs to identify the problem it is facing in order to find and develop the best solution to the problems. According to Brown Kusiak (2007), lack of proper diagnosis of the problem could lead to implementation of the wrong process in the organization. The outcome could worsen performance rather than improve the performance of the organization. The problem identification process involves various steps as outlined below. Problem Identification Organizations face many issues some of which are complex while others are simple. The identification of problems of the firm needs to be followed by prioritizing the issues so that the company can make decision on which issues to be solved first. Symptoms: the establishing of the issues affecting the organization needs to be followed by diagnosing the features or symptoms of the problem. The symptoms of the problems of the firm should be distinguished from the causes of the problem. According to Brown Kusiak (2007), business analysts usually hear many issues affecting the firm and they give many solutions. It is important that the firm does not ignore any solution given. However, the solution provided should be argued out with the management of an organization in order to establish its effectiveness (Boeker 1997, p. 155). Alternatives: after serious analysis of a given situation in an organization and hearing possible solutions from a business analyst, it is important that the organization develops alternatives for its problems. The approaches that could solve the problem of an organization could come with different consequences and costs that make it necessary for the management to discuss each alternative exclusively. After discussion of each alternative, it is important that the management makes a decision regarding the best solution to fix its issues. The decision should be based on the best approach that solves the problem affecting the firm while leaving it with the least negative effects. The decision made should be followed by implementation and follow up of the effectiveness of the approach. According to Brown Kusiak (2007), follow up is important for organization to ensure that the approach follows the set guidelines and that it has no side effects. In the process of solving an issue affecting an organization and effecting change in the firm, firms do use various methods. Some approaches include cause effect approach and business process reengineering. Unsuccessful Process Improvement Not all initiatives of change in firms end up being successful. Some processes end up failing. According to Pardo del Val Martà ­nez (n.d. p, 3), the failure of change management process for firms is due to the resistance to change within the organization. He further notes that resistance to change in the firm introduces unanticipated delays and many costs in the process of change that the management must now consider in the entire process. In spite of the resistance to change as a cause of failure to change, it has been hailed as a source of important information that could help an organization transform its business framework. The sources of resistance to change are many and while some show up during early stages of planning, others show up in the later stages of implementing the planned changes. As noted by Boeker (1997, p. 153), early sources of resistance could be due to distorted perception of change and misinterpretation of the change to be introduced. The organization could also fail to look ahead in future. Other causes could be denial to introduced changes, perpetuation of ideas and making of implicit assumptions. Ford, Ford D’amelo (2008, p. 5) note that communication barriers in addition to organizational silence could also casus misunderstanding within an organization thereby leading to resistance to change. There is another source of resistance to change. This is noted by some researchers as lack of motivation for change within the firm especially for employees of the organization. The low motivation could be due to low costs, cannibalization costs, cross subsidy comforts and past failures that hinder progress. Lorenzo (2000) argues that resistance to change could also be caused by different interests between employees and the management of an organization. For instance, employees could be for proposed changes while the management could be against change. Pardo del Val Martà ­nez (n.d. p, 367) posits that the third set of resistance to change causes inadequate creative responses. Lack of creativity in an organization could be caused by complexity of the business environment and fast changes that do not allow for environmental scan, reactive mindset that could result to resignation and inadequate strategic vision for the firm. The implementation phase of change is a vital stage that requires total concentration in an organization. However, there is resistance to change during implementation. The resistance could also be caused by various sources such as a poor imple mentation climate in the organization that is brought about by different organizational values and culture. Others are departmental politics and incommensurable beliefs or disagreements. The last set of causes to resistance to change includes inaction of leadership in firm, routines that are embedded in the firm and collective action problems in the organization. Successful Reengineering Process: Ford Motor Corporation Ford Motor Corporation applied the process analysis and problem solving in the 1980s by examining its employee accounts of about 500 employees. After a careful examination of the accounts payables, it was revealed that the company took much of the time in the department to track down discrepancies between orders that were purchased, shipping receipts and invoices. The realization of the problem led to a rethink of possible solutions and reengineering was the only viable solution. The company took various steps as explained below. The management began by establishing an online database mainly for the purchase orders whereby all orders issued by buyers were recorded in the database. Goods were received at the dock while there was an individual to check in the database. The match of the shipment and what is in the database led to the reception of the goods and vice versa. This eliminated possibilities of any discrepancies between orders that were made and what is received. Once the shipment is received, the database is updated immediately to reflect the change. In addition, a check was generated automatically and issued to the vendor in time. The process improvement applied by Ford Motor Corporation was a success. This is because the head count people in the purchasing department reduced drastically from 500 to 125 employees with efficiency in time management being improved dramatically. According to Piderit (2000, p. 785), the reengineering process as applied at Ford Motor Corporation is a lesson to be emulated by many firms wishing to reenginee r their processes. The changes that the company implemented could not have been achieved without the aid of the modern information technology. The process reengineering reflects old processes that have undergone new wrinkles. Another lesson learnt is that reengineering depends on a large scale on information technology. Planning the reengineering process in advance cannot work since what is experienced in the course of the process changes the reengineering plan. Innovation for Organizational Growth Knowledge is an important aspect in every organization. An organization is made of human resources that end up being of great importance since they are involved in the productivity of the products of the organization. The human resources could either be skilled, semi skilled or non-skilled. Skilled employees comprise of employees that and endowed with specific knowledge in a given field or sector in the firm such as management, information technology and manufacturing among many others. S emi skilled employees do posses little knowledge in specific fields. However, they extent of know how is limited. Lastly, non skilled employees do not posses any form of knowledge or expertise in any field in the organization. Most of non skilled employees are usually employed by firms as casuals or non-permanent staff of the firm. Skilled employees are important in an organization. It is important that an organization derives the best ways to manage its knowledgeable employees in order to motivate them and improve their performance and the performance of the organization. Knowledge is important for an organization because it helps an organization undertake research and development that is highly needed for innovation to take place. According to Hansen Birkinshaw (2007, p. 122), knowledge management should be customized for a given set of tasks within an organization. Innovation and value added in the output of a firm is as a result of application of knowledge in order to improve, change or develop a specific task and activities (McDermott, 1999). Therefore, innovation could be termed as the primary purpose of knowledge in an organization. In spite of its importance, innovation could be a complex idea that involves uncertainty and political activities. It might involve people with different experiences and teamwork or group work that is extended over long periods of time. In addition, it requires combination of different knowledge endowments within an organization in order to produce expected results in the form of new products or services produced by a firm. As noted by Hansen Birkinshaw (2007, p. 125), innovation does not only occur through research and development, but also through mainstream work activities within an organization. Innovation is characterised by invention, diffusion and implementation. Therefore, it more than just coming up with a good idea, but is more of putting the ideas into practical use within the organization. The creation of new k nowledge and ideas is an important aspect of innovation. However, they must be accompanied by bringing the ideas and knowledge into widespread use and applying them to solve issues affecting the organization. There is also product and process innovation that is vital for the success of an organization. Product innovation involves the application of new knowledge to the development of tangible products of an organization. On the contrary, process innovation involves the application of new knowledge and ideas to the establishment of new processes within the firm. All these are innovations that utilize knowledge at different levels (Nemeth 1997, p. 63). Based on the above description of innovation, knowledge and knowledge management should be linked to innovation. The innovation process involves different steps that range from formation of an agenda through establishment of a routine to the manufacture of a new product or process. In every step of innovation, there is an emphasis of di fferent aspects of knowledge and management of knowledge. Therefore, it can be concluded that knowledge cannot be separated from innovation as it necessitates the innovative ability of the firm. The firm should always struggle to motivate and maintain its knowledgeable employees in order to maintain its innovative ability and competitiveness in the market. Conclusion Problems analysis and problems solving in an organization is an important aspect of every organization. The modern business environment is dynamic and full of many challenges that organizations needs to develop different mechanisms of solving their issues. The process of solving a problem involves first identifying the issue affecting the corporation and determining possible ways of solving the issues. Out of the many alternatives, the management could choose one. Process improvement and reengineering is one of the many methods of solving issues affecting the firm. The reengineering process is vital since it helps an or ganization develop new processes and frameworks of the firm. One of the successful reengineering was conducted by Ford Motors in the 1980s in which it introduced new process of recording purchases thereby ending up cutting down its costs dramatically. Reengineering process could be accompanied by knowledge and innovation. List of References Boeker, W 1997, ‘Strategic change: The influence of managerial characteristics and organizational growth’, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 152-170. Brown D Kusiak, J 2007, ‘Problem Analysis Techniques’, IRM Training white paper, IRM Training Pty Ltd. Ford, J, Ford, L D’amelo, A 2008, ‘Resistance to Change: The rest of the Story’, Academy of Management, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 362-377. Hammer, M Champy J 2000, ‘Reengineering the Corporation: A manifesto for business revolution’, https://summaries.com/. Hansen, A Birkinshaw, J 2007, ‘The innovation value chainâ€⠄¢, Harvard Business Review, June 2007, pp. 121-130. Lorenzo, J 2000, ‘Barreras en los procesos de cambio en las organizaciones: studio de un caso’, Paper presented at the X Congreso Nacional de ACEDE, Oviedo (Spain). McDermott, R 1999, ‘Why information technology inspired but cannot deliver knowledge management’, California Management Review, vol. 41, pp. 103-117. Nemeth, C 1997, ‘Managing innovation: When less is more’, California Management Review, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 59-74. Pardo del Val, M Martà ­nez, C n.d., ‘Resistance to change: a literature review and empirical Study’, Universitat de Valà ¨ncia, Spain. Piderit, S 2000, ‘Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalence: a multidimensional view of attitudes toward an organizational change’, Academy of Management Review, vol. 25 no. 4, pp. 783-794. Revilak, A et al. 2007, Knowledge management and innovation: an analysis of knowledge factors controlled by gove rnments and their impact on patent creation, George Washington University, Washington.

Individual report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Individual report - Essay Example In respect to this, the organization has not established a website and has not engaged in online marketing and advertising to a very limited extent (NHS 2010). The company has not set itself apart from other players in the pharmaceutical industry in any way. The company does not feature among the top pharmacies in the neighborhood Even though the company serves customers six days a week (NHS 2010), it only operates during the day thus missing out on potential night sales that more established pharmacies enjoy. The layout of the pharmacy does not emphasize its commitment to continuous growth and convenience. Many customers find themselves confused as they go though the pharmacy looking for the products of their choice which means that customers face a lot of inconveniences in their shopping experience. The store appears crowded with goods, which goes against the company’s desire to appear clean, organized, and novel. Furthermore, the pharmacy does not have an enviable design an d no clear signs are used to direct visitors within the store. Opportunities Kadri Pharmacy is owned by a sole proprietor who may sell some shares to other investors to boost its capital base and accelerate its growth The pharmacy is not part of any group but may join forces with other organizations so as to strengthen its brand. Public and patient activism against obesity in the country is growing. Also, the population of people who are aging is steadily growing. This is a sign that the market for pharmaceutical products is bound to increase in view of the health issues and concerns (Alan 2011, p1). New tools and methods of communication and information technology such as the social media present new opportunities in the digital era. The pharmacy can apply e-commerce tools and strategies to reach people who live beyond Preston and therefore increase sales. Enhanced communication tools such as telehealth/telecare have seen the development of new processes of delivering services in t he health care industry. Such tools may be applied by the company to increase efficiency in service delivery. The harmonization of the healthcare system across Europe is a major strength for the pharmaceutical industry. There is increasing pressure on the healthcare UK healthcare system (Alan 2011, p1). This means that generally there is a growing demand for healthcare services including pharmacy. Threats Consumer’s expectations are being changed by patient awareness and this is putting a considerable amount of pressure on consumer service (Alan 2011, p1). This may effectively lower the profits of the business The global economic crisis has made customers reluctant to use their money on healthcare. This means that the business may not make as much profit as it otherwise would if the crisis never occurred. There are several pharmacies in Preston, many of them bigger and better established than Kadri Pharmacy Limited. Generally, customers may prefer bigger

Audience essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Audience - Essay Example The total number of the audience is more than 600 which means that there is high level of diversity in the Bundestag. It contains men, women, people from different socioeconomic backgrounds as well as individuals who have varied religious or moralistic leanings. However, it is clear that their objective of being in the Bundestag is to bring improvements to society which means that whatever suggestion is given to them with regard to improving the situation of society is likely to be given a sympathetic ear. Aside from this similarity, they are also professionals who work as career politicians and are likely to have families, children, mobile phones as well as involvements in social organizations in their localities. Furthermore, it can be expected that they are well aware of international laws and even the laws of other countries in the EU concerning cell phone use while driving and the penalties associated with the crime. In fact, it becomes rather easy to see that the audience could be well aware of the issues surrounding the debate and might even be willing to follow the laws which have been enacted by nations in the region in similar situations. This makes the task of convincing them much easier since they can be shown data concerning how other countries have enacted the laws and what positive affects these laws have had on their motor safety. Further, they can be shown data from countries where mobile penetration is high yet there are no laws concerning the use of mobile phones while driving and how this affects the number of accidents on the roads. Moreover, they would also be pushed towards the point if they are told how a person’s situational awareness and ability to drive is affected while using a mobile phone. Most importantly, the argument presented to the audience has to be given a moral and ethical dimension since that can go a long way towards showing them that what they are doing will be good for society and it will have a

Composing self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Composing self - Essay Example Though this was quite satisfying at the moment, I was still quite curious why one can take so much of the proteins yet their body size remain to be small. The belief must have been fallacious or there must have been other aspects I did not understand. I started changing my perception to the belief on realizing that despite the fact that we were served the same food at home, my younger brother tended to grow quite faster and surpass me body wise. Having no explanation to this and with my lame background in biology I had to partly believe in my fallacious reasoning with the people I sought information from not giving me a comprehensive version that I could adopt. However, as my background in biology became firm I realized that growth is in fact a very complex process. The process as I learnt starts with the introduction of food into the alimentary canal through the mouth. This food, take for instance meat is broken down to small units called amino acids. These are the building blocks for the mass of flesh that we eat. The next process involves the use of those amino acids to repair the injured body parts as well as ensuring growth occurs. Since a person is made up of microscopic units called cells the amino acids take part in the replication of those cells with the increase in number leading to the increase in body size. I changed my earlier thinking after researching on the issue and engaging more people who were informed to help in demystifying the mystery. Beliefs being part of the knowledge we have can be misleading or based on fallacy. In my case, the belief was based on assumption and so with time I embraced a better approach that can be used to get the correct facts. This being just one of the beliefs I had I my early age I have realized that to get the correct facts, one has to engage various sources or else you may end up holding strongly on the wrong ideals. The only way to explain my earlier belief is through the

Extended Definition †Firewall Essay Example for Free

Extended Definition – Firewall Essay Firewall – (1) A computer program or hardware device used to provide additional security on networks by blocking access from the public network to certain services in the private network. (2) It is an integrated collection of security measures designed to prevent unauthorized electronic access to a networked computer system. It is also a device or set of devices configured to permit, deny, encrypt, decrypt, or proxy all computer traffic between different security domains based upon a set of rules and other criteria. Etymology Firewall is consisting of two words â€Å"fire† and â€Å"wall†. Fire can be traced from the Old English word fyr a Germanic language which means â€Å"fire, torch†. In Old Czech language pyr means â€Å"hot ashes†. Moreover, wall is can be traced from the Old English word weall which means rampart (natural as well as man-made) and defensive fortification around a city, side of a building, interior partition, which apparently a borrowing from Classic Latin vallum which means wall, rampart, row or line of stakes†. However, the term firewall, as we used here, is a recently coined term for network security and technology. History and Background The term firewall originally meant a wall to confine a fire or potential fire within a building, c. f. firewall (construction). It was also used later on as a referral to similar structures, like metal sheet that separates the engine compartment of a vehicle or aircraft from the passenger compartment. Firewall technology emerged in the late 1980s when during that time Internet was a fairly new technology in terms of its global use and connectivity. The forerunners to firewalls for network security were the routers used to separate networks from one another in the mid to late 1980s. Firewalls are important for the following reasons: it can block unauthorized users to access your network; it can protect the network from attacks using the e-mail system; it can prevent vandals from logging into the machines on your network; and it can serve as a tracer for those who attempted to use your network’s data.

Case Analysis: Calling 911 Essay -- Case Study, Emergencies, Human Fa

1. What human factors problems did you identify in the case study? The first human factors problem I identify is the sparking electric night-light. It is the cause of the fire and thus it is definitely had the design problem from the aspect of human factor. Next is the design of installation of steel security bars at each and every window. Although the design of the steel security bars is to protect the residents of the house, it has a fatal disadvantage which is limited the escape action of the residents. The case study proposed a solution to it which is panic hardware. However, the house only installed one set of panic hardware and this indicated another human factor problem that occurred in setting up the security system of the house. Moreover, the one and only set of panic hardware in the house was required to be stomp harder for activation. This reflected poor human factor design of the panic hardware. Another human factors problem that I identify in the case study is the miscommunication between the 911 operator and the Fire Department dispatcher and also between the Fire Department dispatcher with the nearby fire station unit. Although the operator clarified the address was No.9 to the dispatcher, the 911 operator missed the word â€Å"avenue† as part of the address when the operator was informing the Fire Department dispatcher the location of the fire incident. Moreover, due to the miscommunication between them, the rescue actions had delayed more than four minutes. To make the situation worse, the dispatcher sent wrong address, 3100 block of 9th Street in his order to the nearby fire station for rescue action which should be 3102 block 9th Avenue. Besides the above problems, as written in the case study, the likene... ...can prevent the occurrence of accident. In addition, the pressure needed to activate the set of panic hardware does not fit the emergency situation and the user too. It should be easier and faster in activation as it is designed for emergency escape plan. Last but not least, the city should put some effort in differentiate the street names to avoid the misunderstood or misinterpretation of the address which will cause latent failures. Works Cited Health and Safety Executive. (2014a). HF in accident investigations. Retrieved from http://www.hse.gov.uk/humanfactors/topics/core2.pdf Health and Safety Executive. (2014b). Identifying human failures. Retrieved from http://www.hse.gov.uk/humanfactors/topics/core3.pdf Health and Safety Executive. (2014c). Safety critical communications. Retrieved from http://www.hse.gov.uk/humanfactors/topics/common3.pdf

Religions Matrix

He set off to find Supreme Enlightenment. Shamanic Buddha who taught the Four Nobles and the Eightfold Path for liberation from suffering. I Confucius who taught Confucianism. Family name was Kong, he was honored as Kong fuzz. I The origin of Taoism is thought to be the way of the Yellow Emperor. The texts used are thought to have been written by Laszlo. Gazing who left government position to pursue freedom and solitude. I Central beliefs I The central belief of Hinduism Is karma, which Is If you do good, good things will come to oh, If you do bad things, bad things will happen.The ultimate goal is to achieve mimosa or liberation from the cycle of reincarnation through realization of the immortal Absolute. I Seek eternal rather than temporal pleasure. Tetrahedral is self- discipline and self-control but has not ties to deities. To seek Supreme Enlightenment through the Eightfold Path and be strive for liberation from suffering. Be non-violent, non-confronting, trained mind, and peace will follow through meditation. I Focuses on ways of developing a Just and orderly society.Confucius believed Jean could save society through innate goodness, love, benevolence, perfect virtue, humaneness, and human-heartiness. I The world is naturally in harmony; Dad is our natural state. The idea of Dad which is unnamable. It is a mystical reality that cannot be grasped by the mind. Experience the unity of all things, cease to feel personal preferences, and take no Intentional or evasive action towards the flow of things. I Nature of God I Hindus have many deletes, the three major groupings are: Stats, Salves, and Vaccinates. I The belief is that the world has always been.There is no supreme deity. Enlightenment comes within oneself. I Do not acknowledge any deity. I They believe in Shanghai, the Lord on High, ruler of the universe, the supreme ancestor of the Chinese. He is not acted though as a Creator or God. I Texts I Veda, the oldest Vided scriptures is Rig Veda. Tantrums wh ich teach how to worship the feminine divine. I Butterball which was composed In the first century. Mahayana texts, the Lotus Sutra described Babyhood and how to achieve It. I Confucian Classics which was later replaced with Mao Sedona.The Confucian Classics were known as the Five Classics and Four Books during the Song Dynasty. I Diode Jinn I Ritual and practice(sacred elements & their meaning) I There are 16 rites prescribed in the scriptures to purify and sanctify in their life cycle: Pupas- which Is public worship to allow the sacred presence to be made tangible through devotions employing all tenet senses, ritual Tire ceremonies winner offerings are mace to the deities in exchange they will be rewarded, and death ceremonies also by fire which is designed to cleanse the body after death and release the soul to the spiritual realm.Fasting and prayer is observed during lunar and solar cycles or times during dangers. I Healing rituals which invoked the power of Buddha and dharma to ward off evil spirits and cure afflicted people. Yoga is practiced clear and train mind. Titanic practices by teachers to help those achieve to higher learning of Buddhism, the highest of them are lamas. Deity yoga to meditate to embody the various qualities that the practitioner wishes to manifest. I They include the Four Life Passages: birth, death, reaching maturity, and death.I Fen Shut-involves the study and harmonious placement of graves, temples, and even furniture. They communicate with spirits through sacrifice and ceremonies. Priests speak to the spirits with kind words to please them so they will do no harm. By singing and dancing they are begging the spirits to descend. I Ethics and morality I Karma is the ethnically strong teaching that there are consequences for all you do whether good or evil. Moral and ethically principles are truth, non-violence, non-stealing, intestine, non-covetousness, cleanliness, contentment, burning zeal, self-study, and devotion to God.I The y refrain from violent, harmful speech, and doing things harmful to their bodies or doing harm to their environment. Ethics include being unselfish and seeking enlightenment with meditation. It is believe anyone can seek enlightenment. I One is concerned with self-improvement rather than public recognition, mindful of parents, speaks cautiously but acts quickly, and regards human nature as basically good. I Does not set a standard of morality and goes without labeling things â€Å"good or evil†. I